The Cozens/Byrnes
Merchants Networks Project - Updated 20 March 2010 The Cozens/Byrnes
Merchants Networks Project - Updated 20 March 2010
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This file is devoted to presenting basic Shipping Timeline information for website readers. The items are often sketchy, and some have been extracted from other websites managed by Dan Byrnes. Where possible, ships will have their date-of-departure noted as the compilers believe that a ship's departure date gives some indications of the business plan of the owners, whatever the outcome of the voyage. These Timelines will be added-to intermittently, as new data and new e-mail arrives. Book titles will be entered according to the timeframes they treat.
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This is file Shipping Timeline3 - To go to the next file in this Merchant Networks series of files, Ship Timeline 4
Reference item 1810++: H. E. Maude, Of Islands and Men: Studies in Pacific History. Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1968.
Reference item 1810++ D. R. Hainsworth, The Sydney Traders: Simeon Lord and his Contemporaries, 1788-1821. Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 1972.
1807: Maryland - New York; Jonathan Perry, jr., master; arrived May 19, 1807, departed July 19, 1807. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1809: Neva - Russian; Capt. Hargemeister; arrived Jan. 27, 1809. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1809: Dromo - American; arrived Feb. 24, 1809, departed Mar. 15, 1809. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1810: Duke of Portland - Capt. Spence, master; arrived Feb., departed 4 Mar. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1810: Albatross - American. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1810: Anne II. Owner Unknown. Captain Charles Clarke. Convict transport.
1810: Britain occupies Mauritius and Bengal houses are asked to sell the island food. About this time, Indian convicts under sentence of life transportation began to be sent from Bengal (meaning NSW remained destination for Caucasian convicts only). In 1815 the first batch of Indians went from the Allypore jail to Mauritius, the island's government had to borrow from Fairlie Fergusson and Co. at Calcutta, eg., $30,000 per month; such deals went on into the 1820s. (S. B. Singh, Agency Houses, p. 97.
1810-1812 circa: (Bartlett, p. 23), on US-Aust links over 20 years, between 1 Nov., 1792 and war of 1812, over 60 US ships visited Sydney, at least 20 bound for China, later came sealers and whalers.
1811: Friends. Owner Unknown. Captain James Ralph. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1811: Providence 1. Owner Unknown. Andrew Barclay. 20 Oct 1811. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1811: Milwood. Owner B. Minturn. Captain Elihu Smith. Trader to Fiji, China. From New York. From Wace and Lovett
1811: The Rapid. Owners, Dorr of US. Captain Henry Dorr. Wrecks at Ningaloo Reef. Mixed cargo to Canton. She is reputed to have lost 330,000 Spanish dollars, which has not been verified by marine archaeology. -Ed
1811: Admiral Gambier (2). Owners, Buckles. Captain Edward Sindrey. 1811. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1811: Brutus. Owner Dorr. Capt Unknown. Ship or brig from Boston. US owned.
1811: Brutus (US). Owner Dorr. Capt Unknown. 1811, Launceston, Hobart. Ship or brig from Boston. From Wace and Lovett, p. 48.
1811: American one Capt Dorr for unnamed owners had the ship or brig Brutus from Boston to Launceston and Hobart.)
1811: Tonquin of 1811. Owner JJ Astor. Capt Jonathan Thorn. To Columbia River. Sealer. 1812 war ruins Astor's plan.
Jan or Jun 1811, John M Forbes is at Hamburg re the T. H. Perkins firm, Perkins firm to T. P. Doubleday in 1811, and Wm Fitz Paine (who has a brother Frederic or Frederick) is on Mauritius, Isle of France, in 1811, associated.
19 July 1811, TH Perkins to John Grant in London - Mr. I. Thorndike Jnr. has just married to a daughter of Mrs Otis. (Ths John Grant is so far still unidentified.)
By 1811 when he died of consumption, Capt. Charles G. Cabot, son of George Cabot (1752-1823), sailed for T. H. Perkins selling opium, also tin from Malaysia. Young Charles George by 16 April 1806 had a letter from T. H. Perkins re a voyage to the Mediterranean re opium in a vessel "better adapted to the Malay trade".
1811, The US ship Rapid, lost, supposedly carrying 330,000 Spanish dollars. Capt. Henry Dorr. (From a US website on Dorr family) The Rapid was a three-masted wooden schooner of 367 tons, built in 1807 and registered at Boston, Capt Herny Dorr of Rapid was one of the syndicate owning her; she wrecked at Ningaloo Reef near Point Cloates on the north-west Western Australian coast on the night of 7 January, 1811. She had left Boston for Canton, with a mixed cargo including [it is said] 330,000 Spanish dollars. The Rapid went to pieces the day after her wrecking. (This wreck has been assessed by West Australian marine archaeologists and the site weel vacuumed. No salvage fortune in Spanish dollars was ever found.) (Note: From a website on the Dorr family which hasn't accurately updated its family legend, by the look of things. -Ed)
1810-1811: William Richardson as master has brig trader Active, from Salem, owned by Jas Cooke, to Hobart, Sydney, Fiji, Canton, Manila in 12/10 and 2/11; William P. Richardson, Freeman Richmond, I. B. Richmond as owner in 2/42 and 7-8/42 has whaler Addison Capt Thos. West from New Bedford, Hobart.
1811: B. Minturn in 4-7/1811 is owner for trader ship Milwood, from Philadelphia, Capt. Elihu Smith, to Sydney then to Fiji and China, see HRA, 1 (7), p. 432.
1811: Tonquin - American; Capt. Jonathan Thorn, master; arrived Feb. 13, 1811, departed Feb. 28. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1812: Minstrel (1). Owner Unknown. Captain John Reid. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1812: Emu. RN? Lt Alex. Bissett, RN. 1812. Convict transport. See Bateson.
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But for Americans ….? But for Americans? 1791: As the Australian, Churchward, wrote, "The Americans were also to perceive the value of Pacific whales and began a fifty-year period of whaling finally using the largest whaling fleet the world had ever known." (Note: See Adele Ogden, ‘The Californians in Spain's Pacific Otter Trade, 1775-1795’, Pacific Historical Review, Vols. 1-4, 1932., pp. 424-444. See also on Coffin, Kerr on whalers, p. 34. Dakin, Whalemen Adventurers, p. 12. So here we try to examine American patterns of shipping ... (Note: See L. G. Churchward, Australia and America 1788-1972: An Alternative History. Alternative Publishing Co-Op Ltd., Sydney, 1979,pp. 5ff. The American early trade with Sydney was a direct outgrowth of trade with China, and less so with the East Indies. By 1788, Boston merchant Joseph Barrell had read on Cook's third voyage and joined with four other Boston merchants plus John Derby of Salem and sent two ships to N/W America to collect furs. British merchants till 1798 dominated the Am. N/w trade, when sea otter furs sold for $80-$120 on the China market in the 1790s. (See Churchward p. 6, on ship's profits, $30,000 to $100,000, or between 58% and 100%.) In May and Fairbank, we find that, (Intro, p. 1), Fairbank acknowledges that the opportunities the British provided the US shippers, and writes, “Because the British did not open the India-China trade to us, we [the Americans] did less well in supplying opium to China; but that only enhanced our sense of moral superiority. It was not Americans who fought the Opium War of 1839-1842, and the second war that finally opened China in 1860. Our [US] conscience could be clear. From that experience between 1784 and the 1860s we inherited a national image of the China trade as a good thing, an American success story.” [Although, that trade had never amounted to much, statistically - Ed] – (Note: Ernest R. May and John K. Fairbank, (Eds.), America’s China Trade in Historical Perspective: The Chinese and American Performance. Published by The Committee on American-East Asian Relations of the Dept. of History, in collaboration with the Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, London, Harvard University Press, 1986. In all, this volume is a mainstream historians’ treatment of Sino-US trade relations. See especially the section, Chinese Teas to America, a Synopsis, in three parts, by Yen-Ping Hao. Fairbank (p. 2) writes, from 1898, when China became victim of international rivalry, … “Soon the Leninist and other theories of Imperialism linked America’s economic expansion with the lure of the China market, and a great deal has since been written about the influence of economic interests on our China policy. This is a large subject that does not diminish with time.” Still, Fairbanks feels that revisions on the US-China scenarios are required. Hao (p. 3) writes, “The international trade at Canton, which the Americans joined in after 1784, was only an offshoot of China’s burgeoning domestic commerce. The teas and silks that went abroad were only a part of the growing domestic product. After all, while the merchants who took the initiative in the Canton trade came from Europe and America, the staple goods of the trade came mainly from China. The American trade at Canton began under the same compulsion that pressured British India into the opium trade – how to lay down funds at Canton with which to buy China’s teas and silks. For Yankee merchants, the main problem in the Canton trade was that the Chinese were self-sufficient and wanted nothing from America. US traders were “reduced” to loading ice from Boston’s lakes and shipping ginseng root from the New England or sea-otter pelts and furs from the northwest coast, or even sandalwood from the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands.” Fairbanks then remarks on the often uncommented, but large size of the Chinese economy. Fairbanks et al then treat the tea trade (see work by Yen-p’ing Hao), and goes on, (p. 4) ... On opium as in Part Two. Opium is not a special focus, the heyday of the American opium trade was between 1800 and 1860, was never more than one-tenth the size of the Anglo-Indian opium import into China. US shippers could not buy opium at the Calcutta auctions of opium and so got opium from Smyrna, Turkey. Though some US traders did make a fortune, US trade in opium never acted as a means of laying down funds for teas and silks. The American govt, writes Fairbanks, ”never derived essential revenues from the [opium] trade, which remains largely an aspect of British imperial history.” So the book moves on to the cotton trade. The US-China trade began from 1784, Yen-ping Hao notes, (p. 12), re the early American colonies' taste for tea, after the American Revolution. US shippers realised the market as New England ginseng was prized in China as a restorative. In December 1783, New England traders attempted to initiate direct trade with China by sending from Boston the 55-ton sloop Harriet to Canton with ginseng. At Cape of Good Hope, this ship alarmed some British traders, re competition from US, and sothey bought her cargo for double its weight in Hyson tea. The US captain profited, but then he lost his chance to go down in history. Direct trade began without diplomacy, write Hao, (p. 12, an extremely important point about US trade in this formative timeframe for the US -Ed). The first US ship to enter Chinese waters was Empress of China Captain John Green, got up by Robert Morris and Daniel Parker, loaded with ginseng and other commodities; Empress got 3000 piculs of Hyson and Bohea tea. The profit says Hao (p. 29) was 25 per cent, or, about $30,727 - Boston merchants got excited at news of success, (p. 12) and Boston men fitted out Captain Steward Deane, “an old privateersman”, who went for Canton in a sloop of 84 tons. In June 1787, (p. 12), Robert Morris sent Alliance with a cargo said to be worth $500,000. In December 1787, from Providence, John Browne sent a ship General Washington, which went for Canton and got home in July 1789. Other vessels going to Canton were Jenny and Eleonora of New York, Astrea of Salem, Massachusetts of Boston, and by 1790, the US-China tea trade had become regular. Hao (p. 29) has in 1797-1798, US ship Betsy with profits of $53,118. By 1800, no nation but Britain had more ships in Chinese waters than the US. Between about 1803-1807 the US had about annually 36 ships to China. By 1805, (Hao, p. 22), the US shippers had realised they had no choice but to export specie to China for use there, the US at the time being short of specie, and they had to find Spanish dollars to give the Chinese, so they developed trades with Europe and South America to find Spanish Dollars, and the Americans had no bamking facilities to use in China, except what they could provide themselves. Gradually the Americans were forced to use London-based banking facilities, since London-based bills were more acceptable to both Chinese and British. 1807, both British and US ships bought furs at n/w American coast, and swapped them for tea. The US had unrestricted trade, but the British fur traders had to have special EICo permission to visit the Nootka area, and could not freely swap for various Chinese goods, /sell furs, but had to sell them and deposit the specie gained with the EICo (see Byrnes’ article, "the first bank at Canton.), and the EICo then issued the Americans bills redeemable in London at 12 months sight. In contrast, (Hao, p. 13), the US men bartered freely, underselling British pelts by up to 20 per cent, and took tea wherever they liked. Hao (p. 18) writes on early US supercargoes as tea buyers, then the establishment of resident US trading firms which dealt on commission in their own right or acted for other US mercantile houses. In 1795, Samuel Shaw was a supercargo on Ann and Hope, by 1800 he had established as a resident commission agent in China on his own account, and (Hao, p. 19), T. H. Perkins and Co. of Boston opened a branch at Canton, with John P. Cushing in charge (Cushing in Hao, pp. 29ff came home with a fortune of $600,000, retired by 1828 and let William Sturgis manage the funds.) Cushing later withdrew from China trade and went into railroads, textiles and various “modern” investments). Then resident agents acted for B. C. Wilcocks of Philadelphia, and Daniel Stansbury of Baltimore. John J. Astor was represented by Nicholas G. Ogden and Cornelius Stowle. Samuel Russell a former supercargo appeared as a resident agent (He in Hao, p. 29 had partners Samuel Russell, Philip Ammidon, John C. Green and Joseph Coolidge). Hao (p. 22), says the Americans began to emphasise opium from 1820s to 1830s or so as they had run out of Hawaiian sandalwood, and ginseng and beche-de-mer were limited trades. American cotton was more expensive than indigenous-grown Chinese cotton. Between 1820s and 1830s, financed by London bankers, US shippers monopolized the Turkish opium output. They also sold smuggled Indian-sourced opium brought in by British country traders. Hao (p. 22) says opium played an insignificant economic role, here, statistically. Between 1820 and 1828, about 80 per cent of US tea trade was dominated by Perkins and Co., James Oakford and Co., Archer and Co. and T. H. Smith and Co. with others being Olyphant and Co., Russell and Co. (using John M. Forbes and (Hao, p. 30) says Forbes later invested his fortune from his retirement in 1837 in ironworks, steamships, railroads eg., Michigan Central Railroad. Forbes invested in Western railroads with money coming directly from the family of the famed Hong merchant , Houqua), and Westmore and Co. Philadelphia houses active had earlier been, Robert Morris, Stephen Gerard and Samuel Archer, but they gave way to New York houses. Hao (p. 19), also notes the activity of Augustine Heard Jnr., and that the boom in the fur trade ended in the early 1830s. Hao (p. 24) writes that by 1826 onwards, the London bankers involved in US trade in China were Barings, the Browns, and Wiggens, Wildes and Wilson (the three Ws). By the 1860s, US merchants in the tea trade began to partner with Chinese merchants in promoting steamship navigation about China, eg Shanghai Steam Navigation Co. and China Merchants Steam Navigation Company (the first steamship company owned and operated by Chinese). 1820s: (Hao p. 19), the resident agents plus the mercantile houses gradually replaced the supercargoes as principal purchasers. By the 1820s a few large firms dominated US tea purchasing, at Canton including Perkins and Co, James Oakford and Co, Archer and Co, TH Smith and Co, Olyphant and Co, Russell and Co, Westmore and Co, with the first four here controlling about 80 per cent of the trade to 1828. Philadelphia houses represented the interests of Robert Morris, Stephen Girard and Samuel Archer among others had the lead for 20 years before yielding to New York merchants. Hao (p. 19), indicates that John P. Cushing and John Murray Forbes developed unusually cordial relationships with the dean of the Hong merchants, the renowned Houqua, or, Wu Ping-chien. |
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1812: See E. Daniel Potts and Annette Potts, 'James Hartwell Williams: First American Consul in Australia', The New England Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 2, June 1975., pp. 269-276. The 1812 war interrupted American shipping to Australia. When the trade resumed, it was taken up by the Salem firm Nathaniel B. Rogers and Brothers, who traded to Australia, Madagascar and Zanzibar as well as dealing with American whalers. See also, Werner Levi, 'The Earliest Relations between the United States of America and Australia', The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1943., pp. 351-361.
For 1812: (1812 - mid-1812, mysterious, departs ??, convict ship (HMS?) Emu, (Bateson p. 340), Lt Alex Bissett, RN, captured by the American privateer Holkar on 30-11-1812 and taken into New York as a prize. Did Shelton make out a contract for this ship? If not, perhaps she left from Ireland?) (Whalers sent by the Rotches are not noticed here, as some may have been sent from Dunkirk, France.) (Note: Reference items: A relevant title here is: John C. Dorraine, The United States and the Pacific Islands. Westport, Connecticut, Praeger, 1992. Geoffrey C. Ingleton, Matthew Flinders: Navigator and Chartmaker. Genesis Pubs Ltd/Hendley Australia., 1986. Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery. London, Allen Lane, 1976.
Bartlett, p. 23, on US-Aust links over 20 years, between 1 Nov., 1792 and war of 1812, over 60 US ships visited Sydney, at least 20 bound for China, later came sealers and whalers.
American T. H. Perkins in 1812 is talking to Sir John Coghill, though it is unclear why, and who Coghill was.
1812: War between Britain and US.September 1812: TH Perkins firm to Carter and Storr at Liverpool. Decries the 1812 war as "wicked" - in 1812 to Charles S. Cartlett at Alexandria re "the madmen in Washington". In Sept 1812, a Perkins letter to Vaughans in London and to William Vaughan in Sept 1812.
27 August 1812: TH Perkins firm to Hope and Co. (is that Hopes of Amsterdam?) re the French Imperial Factory at Canton re Houqua to receive per HEICo (British EICo?), $72,738.67 at interest of 1 per cent.
1812: In London in 1812, the invention of a better means of dressing seal skins arose so that a fur of much higher quality could be produced. This innovation caused another surge in the search for new seal colonies as the skins would now be worth so much more.
Allegation - 1812: American John Cushing, under the employ of his uncles' business, James and Thomas H. Perkins Company of Boston, acquires his wealth from smuggling Turkish opium to Canton. (From website based on book: Opium: A History, by Martin Booth, Simon & Schuster, Ltd., 1996.)
1812: (From Gaylene Mansfield-Smith of NZ), re the War of 1812 US-UK, all US whale ships were scuttled at harbours to blockade the British, the reason no US whalers were seen in the Pacific for 15 years, and as fact, this has never been notably commented by any Australian historian so far. - Re the US-UK war of 1812 (brief notes), it firstly an imperial quarrel, carried on mainly by British money, and essentially a contest over Canada. See James Hannay, History of the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States of America. Toronto. Morang and Co. 1905. A Canadian view mentions Jefferson's extreme hostility to the UK. War between GB-France 1792, raged for 20 years, Canada the scene of most of the wars, to separate Canada from the British Crown, or not. The Canadians remain loyal to the British Crown. John Jay was excoriated for the Jay Treaty by the US' Jeffersonian faction, while Hannay viewed the Jay Treaty as favourable enough to US trade. (Whalers sent by the Rotches are not counted here as US industry, as some may have been sent from Dunkirk, France.) (Note: See also, Bartlett, p. 23, on US-Aust links over 20 years, between 1 Nov., 1792 and war of 1812, over 60 US ships visited Sydney, at least 20 bound for China, later came sealers and whalers.
1812: Active brig (US). Owner James Cooke (US). Captain William Richardson. Trader, at Sydney from Salem. From Wace and Lovett.
1812: Indefatigable (1). Owners, James Atty and Co. Captain John Cross. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1812: Guildford (1). Owners Mangles Brothers. Captain Magnus Johnson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1812: Anne (US-2). Owner B. Rotch. Captain Jas. Gwinn. 1811-1814. 1812 at Sydney. Whaler from New Bedford. From Wace and Lovett.
1812: Beaver - American; Capt. Cornelius Sowles, master; arrived Mar 26, 1812, departed Apr. 6, 1812 (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1813: Earl Spencer. Owner Unknown. Captain William Mitchell. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1813: Fortune (2) (of 1813). Owner, Peter Evet Mestaers of London. Captain Thomas Walker. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1813: Archduke Charles. Owner Unknown. Captain J. P. Jeffries. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1813: T. H. Perkins firm correspondence re Fred W. Paine son of Dr Paine to [got to China or work for P?]
1813: Lark - American; Capt. Northcop, master. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1814: Catherine. Owner Unknown. Captain William Simmonds. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1814: Somersetshire (1). Owner Unknown. Captain Alex. Scott. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1814: Surrey I (1) (of 1814). Owners Mangles Brothers (?). Captain James Patterson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1814: Three Bees. Owners, Buckles. Captain John Wallis. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1814: Wanstead. Owner Unknown. Captain Henry Moore. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1814: General Hewart/Hewitt. Owner Unknown. Captain Percy Earl. 10 Feb 1814. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1814: Broxbornebury. Owner Unknown. Captain Thomas Pitcher Jnr. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1814: Sir Andrew Hammond - U.S. ship of war; commanded by Lieut. John Gamble of Marine Corps; arrived May 23, 1814, departed June 11, 1814. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1814: Cherub - British ship of war; Capt. Tucker; arrived Jun 22, departed July 15. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1814: Atahualpa - Boston; sold to Russians, renamed to Bering; wrecked off Kauai during attempted occupation by Russians. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1814: Isabella, Othrytie, Kodiak, Ilmen and Bering - Russian vessels. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1815: Northampton. Owner Unknown. Captain John O. Tween. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1815: Canada (next). Owners, Hurry or Reeve. Captain Unknown. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1815: Canada (3). Owner Unknown. Captain John Grigg. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1815: Barwell. Owner Unknown. Captain John Cameron. 7 Nov 1797- 18 May 1798. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1815: Baring. Owner, Buckles. Captain John Lamb. Convict transport.
23 August 1815: T. H. Perkins firm to John Harrod, supercargo brig Monkey in Trieste with coffee and sugar proceeds into opium and quicksilver unless other goods pay better, "Opium is generally plenty at Malta". (By which time we wonder if C19th dope-running is not more widespread than has been imagined - what about opium use in Spain, Germany, France, Scandinavia etc? - Ed)
In 1815: T. H. Perkins firm to John P. Higginson and G. W. Sturgis, re a ship to Malaya.
By 1815 per AGE Jones: Sealing hunting was occurring at 35 different places around the world including Macquarie Island. In 1821 the industry reached its peak when, according to Lloyd's Register, there were 48,000 tons of shipping (about 164 ships) engaged in sealing and whaling activities from Great Britain alone. There are records of another 27 ships from USA sailing the southern oceans at this time looking for fur seals. For example, there were 47 British and American sealing ships working the beaches at the New South Shetland Islands in 1820-21. It has been estimated that over 250,000 fur seals were taken from these islands in one season.
18 January 1815: T. H. Perkins firm to Messrs Idle, Coates and Co. London, re their ship Hero Capt Fenwick, is taken by US as a prize. In 1815 to William McGillveray of Montreal re n/w America fur ships.
1815: Indefatigable (2). Owners, James Atty and Co. Captain Matthew Bowles. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1815: Francis and Eliza. Owners, Reeve and Green. Captain William Harrison. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1815: Marquis of Wellington. Owner Unknown. Captain George Betham. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1815: Columbia - British; Anthony Robson, master; arrived Jan 16, 1815, departed Jan 18, 1815. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1815: Millwood - from New York; Samuel G. Bailey, master; arrived Dec. 7, departed Feb. 16. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1815: Columbia - British; Capt. Jennings; arrived Dec. 10, departed Jan 4, 1816. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1816-1822: Australia. It was calculated in 1824 by William Charles Wentworth that betweeen 1816-1822, nearly 55 percent of goods imported to the colony of NSW came from Indian and Chinese ports (103,840 pounds worth). (See James Broadbent, Suzanne Rickardand Maergaret Steven, India, China Australia: Trade and Society, 1788-1850. Sydney, Historic Houses Trust of NSW, 2003., p. 10)
1816: Atlas III (of 1816). Owner Unknown. Captain Walter Meriton. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1816: Surrey I (2) (of 1816). Owners, Mangles Brothers. Captain Thomas Raine. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1816: Ocean I. Owner Unknown. Captain Alex. L. Johnson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1816: Mariner. Owner, Abel Chapman. Captain John Herbert. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1816: Elizabeth I (1). Owners, Birch and Ward. Captain William Ostler. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1816: Fanny I. Owner Unknown. Captain John Wallis. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1816: Traveller. Owner, J. J. Wilcocks (US). Captain William French. Left Canton. March 1816. Freight with Walter Davidson, Canton. Has freight to Sydney from Canton from Walter S. Davidson, the 42nd US ship to visit Sydney. See Cumpston's Register, p. 18.
1816: Correio da Azia. Portuguese. Captain Joao Joaquim de Freitas. Exploration, wrecked. See notes.
1816: Admiral Colpys. Owners, Francis and James Todrig. Captain unknown. 1816-1817 lost. Whaling. James Todrig mariner of Hackney and Francis Todrig of Mile End. AGE Jones, Ships Employed, p. 194.
1816: Alexander II. Owner Unknown. Captain William Hamilton. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1816: Arab (whaler). Daniel and Wm Bennett. Captain Jn Brown, Wm Barclay. Whaling. AGE Jones, Ships Employed, p. 196
1816: Ontario. Owner, Plympton and Co. Captain Nathaniel Dorr. Trader to China from Boston. From Wace and Lovett
1816: Guildford (2). Owners, Mangles Brothers. Captain Magnus Johnson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1816: Mary Anne I (1). Owner Unknown. Captain John R. Arbuthnot. Convict transport. See Bateson.
18 April 1816: T. H. Perkins firm to J. J. Astor re not accept a deal in $10,000 US dollars.
26 December, 1816: T. H. Perkins firm to Thos P. Doubleday as supercargo on Sally Capt Bertody, re 40,000 Spanish dollars.
1816: In 1816, American brig trader Ontario from Boston with Capt. Nathaniel Dorr for owners Plympton and Co., to Sydney and Hobart, thence Marquesa Islands and China. (HRA, 3 (2), p. 50. Item extracted from Wace and Lovett.)
1816: By 1816, Bombay country [British] ships regularly carry opium with their other general cargo for China. Involved here also is "a Goan aristocrat", Sir Roger de Faria, who sometimes employs British captain Thomas Crawford. (Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 155.) Note: 1822: Portuguese ship Angelica carries opium to China for Remington Crawford, Jamsetjee JeeJeebhoy and Sir Roger de Faria.
1816: Loose notes re JJ Astor -- Earlier a fur trader, John
Jacob Astor of New York City joins the opium smuggling trade. His
American Fur Company purchased ten tons of Turkish opium then
shipped the contraband item to Canton on Macedonian. Astor
would later leave the China opium trade and sell solely to England.
(From website based on book: Opium: A History, by Martin
Booth. Simon & Schuster, Ltd., 1996.)
1800-1812: New York merchant John Jacob Astor in 1800 makes profit
of $55,000 on an experimental fur shipment to Canton. He soon tries
a scheme to dominate the fur trade of North America and sales to
Canton. He decided he could with his American Fur Co., undercut the
British EICo at Canton (which buys from Hudson's Bay Co.) by
keeping a shipping point on American west coast which takes furs
from Rocky Mountains. So Capt. Jonathan Thorn on Tonquin went to
establish a post, Astoria, at mouth of Columbia River in 1811. The
1812 US-British war collapsed the plan and Astor had to sell his
operations to the Northwest Fur Company of Montreal. Astor kept in
the China trade dealing in "a new cargo", (sandalwood supplies from
India, Java, Timor and Malabar were becoming depleted), sandalwood,
as in 1791, the Bostonian Capt. John Kendrick had discovered
sandalwood growing on Hawaii's island of Kauai. Other Bostonians
became interested. (As noted earlier, the American Dana of
California later interested himself in sandalwood from Hawaii to
China.)
1816: Rurick - Russian; Lieut. Otto von Kotzenbue; arrived Nov 21, departed Dec 14. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1816-1817: Lord Melville I. Departed England 15 Sep 1816. Arrived Sydney 24 February 1817. Owners, Bell-Wilkinson. Captain Thackray Wetherell. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1816-1817: Sir William Bensley. Departed About November 1816. Arrived Sydney 10 March 1817. Owner, Unknown. Captain Lew. E. Williams. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1816-1817: Morley (1) (of 1817). Departed England 18 December 1816. Arrived Sydney 10 April, 1817. Owner John Morley. Captain Robert R. Brown. Convict transport.
1817: By 1817, the debts of five junior Hong merchants had been liquidated, total balance due, $1,108,664. By 1802-1803, Ponqua said he owed $1,540,000 to various Chinese, also $360,000 to Europeans and $300,000 to his own government for duties. An implication is that Hong merchant insolvencies subsidised tea consumption in Europe and Britain.
1817: T. H. Perkins also in 1817 wants Cushing to have all possible info on opium from Gulf of Persia. By 16 Jan 1817, TH Perkins firm aware the Chinese govt has issues a strong edict against opium.
7 February 1817: T. H. Perkins firm to Bernard Henry at Gibraltar re Ophelia sailing China to Gibraltar, wants opium and quicksilver, for 20,000 lbs Turkish opium, and re a new firm of Samuel Cabot Jnr. and J. Perkins Jr. and T. H. Perkins Jr each with $10,000 capital for seven years, witnesses are T. H. Perkins and Robert B. Forbes.
15 March 1817: T. H. Perkins firm to F. W. Paine, re a large quantity of opium. By March 1817 Perkins learns the price of Smyrna opium and that Houqua and Perkins Co have asked re getting Bengal opium in England - eg 15,000 lbs, about this time, Baring Bros. has a contract on quicksilver from the mines of Austria.
1817: Chapman (of 1817). Departed Cork 14 March, 1817, Arrived Sydney Cork on 26 July 1817. Owner Abel Chapman. Captain John Drake. Convict transport.
in 1817, Mr. Gen (General?) Perkins is dealing for Perkins Bros. at Smyrna for opium, re £10,000 in opium.
8 September 1817: T. H. Perkins firm tells FW Paine that Oliver of Baltimore has sold opium at Trieste and re $300,000 in silks.
1817: Lord Eldon. Owner, Buckles. Captain James T. Lamb. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1817: Pilot. Departed 9 March 1817 from Cork. Arrived Sydney 29 July 1817. Owner, Joseph Somes of Durham. Captain William Pexton. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1817: Canada (4) (of 1817). Departed 21 March 1817 from Cork. Arrived Sydney 6 August 1718. Owners, Reeve and Green. Captain John Grigg. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1817: Almorah (of 1817). Departed 26 April 1817 from Downs, England. Arrived Sydney 29 August 1817. Owner, Unknown. Captain William McKissock. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1817: Larkins. Departed 29 July 1817 from Portsmouth. Arrived Sydney 22 Nov, 1817. Owner, John Pascal Larkins. Captain Henry R. Wilkinson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1817:
Fame
1817
Owner Unknown
Captain Henry Dale
1817: Shipley (of 1817). Departed 18 December 1816 from England. Arrived Sydney 24 April 1817. Owner, Lyall. Captain Lew. W. Moncrief. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1817: Columbia - British; Capt. Jennings; arrived January 27, departed Apr. 16. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1817: Bordeaux Packet - American; Andrew Blanchard, master; arrived Aug 12; sold to Kalaimoku in Dec. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1817: Rurick - Russian; Lieut. Otto von Kotzebue; arrived Sept 27, departed Oct. 14, 1817. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1817: Columbia - British; Capt. Jennings, master; arrived December 6; sold to Kamehameha I, May 2, 1818. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1817-1818: Elizabeth I (2) (of 1818). Owners, Birch and Ward. Captain William Ostler. Departing Cork 26 July 1817. Arriving Sydney 19 November 1818. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1818: Minerva I (1) (of 1818). Departing Ireland 1 January 1818. Arriving VDL or Sydney 30 April 1818. Owner, Stuart and Co. Captain John Bell. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1818: Morley (2) (of 1818). Owner, John Morley. Captain Robert R. Brown. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1818: Guildford (3) (of 1818). Owners, Mangles Brothers. Captain Magnus Johnson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1818: Isabella. Owner, Unknown. Captain Robert Berry. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1818: Ocean II (of 1818). Owner, James Atty and Co. Captain Sam. Remmington. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1818: Hadlow. Owners, Unknown, From Hull (?). Captain John Craigie. Convict transport. See Bateson.
>1818: Glory. Owner, Unknown. Captain Ed Pounder
1818: General Stewart. Owner, Unknown. Captain Robert Granger.
1818: General Washington.
Martha
1818
John Blackett
John Apsey
1818
Convict transport. See Bateson.blut1818: Lady Castlereagh. Owner, Unknown. Captain George Weltden.
1818
1818:
Maria I (1)
Unknown
Henry Williams
1818
Convict transport. See Bateson.1818:
Mermaid HM
RN
Philip Parker King
1818
Exploration
See notes.
blut1818:
L'Uranie
1818
French
Louis-Claude de Freycinet
Exploration
See notes.
1818:
Lord Meville I (2) (of 1818 to VDL)
Bell/Wilkinson?
Thackray Wetherell
July 1818
17 Dec 1818
Convict transport. See Bateson.blut
1818:
Tottenham
1818
Robert Wigram
Dugald McDougall
1818: Earl St Vincent (1). Owner, Buckles. Captain Samuel Simpson. See Bateson.
Early 1818: a T. H. Perkins ship recently has shifted 30,000 lbs opium.
11 February, 1818: T. H. Perkins firm to Woodman and Offley at Smyrna re opium smuggling, but Perkins will be large in opium if possible.
1818: T. H. Perkins firm thinks that last year's opium (from where?) is only 150,000 lbs, with 50,000 to Europe and 100,000 to China, and re jealousy of EICo re Turkish vs Bengal opium, and good prospects of opium from Gulf of Persia, and P ship got 80,000 lbs to China and got 25 per cent above the price of Turkish opium and it cost less.
1818: By 1818 the US traders in Turkish-sourced opium are beginning to eclipse the British opium traders. (Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 154.)
1818: Batavia (of 1818). Owner, Buckles. Captain William B. Lamb.
1818: HM Bathurst. RN. Captain Philip Parker King. Exploration.
1818: Friendship (of 1818). Owner, Unknown. Captain And. Armet.
1818: Brussa. Owners, Ralph Middleton et al. Captain William Dunbar. Whaling. James Warwick, shipbuilder Rotherhithe.
1818: Clarion. Owner Unknown. Captain Henry Gyzelaar. Sealer, trader from Boston. From Wace and Lovett.
1818:
Shipley (2) (of 1818)
Lyall
Lewis W. Moncrief
1818
1818:
Neptune I (1) (0f 1818)
1818
Unknown
Robert Cairns/Carns
1818: Santa Rosa - A pirate ship under Capt. Turner; arrived May, departed Oct. 20. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1818: Osprey - arrived Aug 28, 1818, departed Sept. 20, 1818. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1818: Argentina - belonged to independents of South America; Capt. Hippolyte Bouchard; arrived Sept, departed Oct. 20. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1818: Kamschatka - Russian; Capt. Golovnin; arrived Oct. 20, 1818. (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819) (This item is from a website Hawaiian Roots on ships to Hawaii before 1819)
1819: Atlas I (2) (of 1819). Owner Unknown. Captain Joseph Short. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1819: Grenada (of 1819). Owner, Blackett of Hull. Captain Andrew Donald. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1819: Recovery (1) (of 1819). Owner, Chapman. Captain William Fotherly. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1819: Globe. Owner Unknown. Captain Joseph Blyth.
1819: Minerva I (2) (of 1819). Owner, Stuart and Co. Captain John Bell. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1819: John Barry (1) (of 1819). Owner Unknown. Captain Stephenson Ellerby. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1819: Mary I (of 1819). Owner Unknown. Captain John Lusk. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1819: Malabar (1) (of 1819). Owner, Johnson and Sons. Captain William Ascough. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1819: Lord Sidmouth (1) (of 1819). Owner Unknown. Captain William Gunner. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1819: Canada (5) (of 1819). Owner, J. Green and Co. Captain Alex. Spain. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1819: Hibernia (1) (of 1819). Owner Unknown. Captain John Lennon. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1819: Daphne. Owner Unknown. Captain Hugh Mattison. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1819: Surrey I (3) (of 1819). Owner Mangles Brothers. Captain Thomas Raine. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1819: Surrey I (3) (of 1819a). Owner Mangles Brothers. Captain Thomas Raine. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1819: Bencoolen (of 1819). Owner Unknown. Captain John B. Anstice. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1819: Tyne. Owner Unknown. Captain Casey Bell.
1819: Baring (2) (of 1819). Owner Buckles. Captain John Lamb. Convict transport.
1819: British poet John Keats and other English literary luminaries experiment with opium intended for strict recreational use - simply for the high and taken at extended, non-addictive intervals. (Though see below re the writer of Confessions of an Opium Eater - and his doses of laudanum. From website based on book: Opium: A History, by Martin Booth, Simon & Schuster, Ltd., 1996. 1821: Thomas De Quincey publishes his autobiographical account of opium addiction, Confessions of an English Opium-eater.
1819: Alarmed by the extent of British opium-carrying, the Portuguese at Macao try to come to "an accommodation" with British traders - who are not interested since they can now use depot ships at nearby Lintin and do not need Macao. (Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 156.)
1819, Mr. Cabot is resident at Smyrna re commodities not including opium. In 31 October T. H. Perkins firm to F. W. Paine at Gibraltar, re Woodman and Offley at Smyrna re 300,000 lbs of opium at Perkins' direction.
1820: Maria I (2) (of 1820). Owner Joseph Somes. Captain Harris Walker. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Juliana. Owner, Unknown. Captain David Ogilvie. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Lord Wellington (of 1820). Owner Unknown. Captain Lew. Hill. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Hebe. Owner Unknown. Captain Thackray Wetherell. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Mangles (1) (of 1820). Owner Unknown. Captain John Cogill. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Neptune I (2) (of 1820). Owner, Unknown. Captain William McKissock. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Prince Regent I (1) (of 1820). Owner Unknown. Captain William Anderson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Mirnyi. Russian. Captain Thaddeus Belinghausen. Exploration. See notes.
1820: Morley (3) (of 1820). Owner John Morley. Captain Thomas Winter. Convict transport. See Bateson.
.1820: Earl St Vincent (2) (of 1820). Owner, Buckles. Captain Sam. Simpson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Coromandel (of 1820). RN. Captain James Downie, RN. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Guildford (4) (of 1820). Owners Mangles Brothers. Captain Magnus Johnson (so far untraceable- Ed). Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Shipley (3) (of 1820). Owner, Lyall. Captain, Lewis W. Moncrief. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Hadlow (2) (of 1820). Owner Unknown. Captain John Craigie. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Caledonia (1) (1820). Owner Unknown. Robert Cairns/Carns. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Janus (of 1820). Whaler. Owner Unknown. Captain Thomas J. Mowat. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Dorothy (of 1820). Owner Unknown. Captain John Hargraves. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: HM Dromedary. RN. Captain Richard Skinner RN. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Vostok. Russian. Captain Thaddeus Bellinghausen. Exploration. Maps Macquarie Island.
1820: Castle Forbes (1) (of 1820). Owner, Gibson and Co. Captain Thomas Reid. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Agamemnon (of 1820). Owner, Unknown. Captain Robert Surtees. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Almorah (2) (of 1820). Owner, Unknown.Captain Thomas Winter. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Asia I (1) (of 1820). Owner Unknown. Captain James Morice. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Bombay country merchants are "falling over themselves" to be engaged in opium trade, despite harrassment from Chinese authorities. (Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 158.)
Reference item 1820++: Frank J. A. Broeze, Mr Brooks and the Australian Trade: Imperial Business in the Nineteenth Century. Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 1993.
1820s: Capt John Coghill. He began working life as a mariner for Browns in the country trade in India. He argued with Browns, then arranged to sail to Australia for Buckles, Bagster and Buchanan of London, with whom he also ended in dispute. He made four voyages to NSW in the Convict transport. Mangles, in 1820, 1822, 1824 and 1826. A property owner, he was elected an MLC for NSW, and became a director and shareholder of Bank of Australia, suffering by its collapse in 1843. By 1829, John had brought out his brother William and his family to assist with NSW property management. In 1838 John helped finance one of the first overland expeditions to Port Phillip in partnership with John Hepburn of Smeaton Hills near Creswick in Victoria. Coghill had a young nephew, Donald Coghill, whom he brought to NSW, only to exploit the lad as an employee. Capt. John Coghill, wife unknown, had four daughters. (See Christine Wright, '"Rogues and Fools": John Coghill and the convict system in New South Wales', Journal of Australian Colonial History, Vol. 3, No. 2, October 2001., pp. 38-60. Pemberton, London Connection, p. 67.) This would not be the John Coghill noted corresponding with the American T. H. Perkins noted on this webpage -Ed.)
1820: Elizabeth I (3) (of 1820). Owner, Birch/Ward. Captain William Ostler. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1820: Eliza (of 1820). Owner Unknown. Captain Unknown. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Prince of Orange (of 1821). Owner, Johnson and Sons. Captain Thomas Silk. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Minerva I (3) (of 1821). Owner, Stuart and Co. Captain John Bell. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Speke (2) (of 1821). Owner, Unknown. Captain Peter McPherson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Medway (1) (of 1821). Owner, Unknown. Captain Borthwick Wight. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Countess of Harcourt (1) (of 1821). Owner, Unknown. Captain George Bunn. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Hindostan (1). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Williamson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Claudine (1) (of 1821). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Crabtree. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Adamant. Owner, Unknown. Captain William Ebsworthy. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Malabar (2). Owner, Johnson and Sons. Captain William Ascough. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Lord Hungerford. Owner, Unknown. Captain Michael O'Brien. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Dick. Owner, Thos Ward. Captain William Harrison. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Providence II (1) (of 1821). Owner Unknown. Captain James Herd. 13 June 1821-7 Jan 1822. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Prince Regent II (1) (of 1821). Owner, Buckles. Captain Francis Clifford. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Lord Sidmouth (2) (of 1821). Owner, Chapman?. Captain James Muddle. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Lady Ridley. Owner Unknown. Captain Robert Weir. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: John Bull. Owner, Hibbersons. Captain William Corlett. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: John Barry (2) (of 1821). Owner, John Barry. Captain Roger Dobson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1821: Grenada (2) (of 1821). Owner, J. Blacketts. Captain Andrew Donald. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1822: Southworth (1) (of 1822). Owner, Unknown. Captain David Sampson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1822: Shipley (4) (of 1822). Owner, Lyall. Captain Lew. W. Moncrief. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1822: Richmond (of 1822). Owner Unknown. Captain James Kay. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1822: Mary II (of 1822). Owner, Unknown. Captain Charles Arcoll. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1822: Mangles (2) (of 1822). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Cogill. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1822: Guildford (5) (of 1822). Owners, Mangles Brothers. Captain Magnus Johnson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1822: Phoenix I (1) (of 1822). Owner Blacketts. Captain Thomas Wetherhead. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1822: Countess of Harcourt (2) (of 1822). Owner, Unknown. Captain George Bunn. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1822: Southworth (1) (of 1822). Owner, Unknown. Captain David Sampson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1822: Prince of Orange (2). Owner, Lyall? Captain John Moncrief. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1822: Isabella 1 (2) (of 1822). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Wallis. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1822:
Caledonia (2) (of 1822)
Owner, Unknown
Captain Robert Cairns/Carns
1822
Convict transport. See Bateson.1822: Lusitania. Owner, Unknown. Captain William Langdon. Exploration. Maps Macquarie Island.
1822: Eliza (2) (of 1822). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Hunt. Convict transport.
1822: Asia I (2) (of 1822). Owner, Unknown. Captain Thomas L. Reid. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1822: Arab I (1) (of 1822). Owner, Morley? Captain Robert R. Brown. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1822 – T. H. Perkins tells Capt Charles E. Magee going to China that F. W. Paine is at Batavia a former partner in the house so he will get some business, not Magee. In 1822, THP invests about $196,000 in about 128,000 lbs of opium, not in other commodities, just for opium. Between January 1824 and July 1825, Col. T. H. Perkins keeps a log of his opium shipments in his personal memorandum books. In Patna and Benares opium, to 177,837 lbs weight opium, another of 154,018 lbs weight.
1822: Mary Anne 1 (2) (of 1822). Owner, Unknown. Captain Henry Warington. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Ocean II (2) (of 1823). Owners, Atty. Captain William Harrison. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Commodore Hayes (of 1823). Owner, Lyall?. Captain Lewis W. Moncrief. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Mary III (1) (of 1823). Owner, Unknown. Captain J. F. Steel. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Sir Godfrey Webster (1) (of 1823). Owners, S. and I. Soames. Captain John Rennoldson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Medina (1) (of 1823). Owner, Morley?. Captain Robert Brown. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Competitor (1) (of 1823). Johnsons? Captain William Ascough. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Recovery (2) (of 1823). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Fotherly. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Lord Sidmouth (3) (of 1823). Owner, Hovelds. Captain James Ferrier. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Henry (1) (of 1823). Owner, Unknown. Captain Thomas Thatcher. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Earl St Vincent (3) (of 1823). Owner, Buckles. Captain Ptr. John Reeves. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Isabella I (3) (of 1823). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Wallis. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Brampton. Owner, Unknown. Captain Samuel Moore. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Surrey I (4) (of 1823). Owner, Unknown. Captain Thomas Raine. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Woodman (1) (of 1823). Owners, Unknown. Captain Henry Ford. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Albion (1) (of 1823). Owners, Unknown. Captain W. R. Best. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1823: Morley (4) (of 1823). Owners Thos Ward and Co. Captain John Bell. Convict transport. This is maybe Thomas Ward of Ratcliff Cross, block maker, in AGE Jones, Ships Employed, p. 227.
1823: Princess Royal (1) (of 1823). Owner Unknown. Captain Henry Sherwood. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1824: Princess Charlotte (of 1824). Owner Buckles. Captain Joseph Blyth. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1824: Phoenix II (of 1824). Owner, Unknown. Captain Robert White. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1824: Prince Regent I (2) (of 1824). Owner Buckles. Captain Alex Wales. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1824: Minerva (1) (of 1824). Owner Stuart and Co. Captain John Bell. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1824: Mangles (3) (of 1824). Owner Unknown. Captain John Cogill. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1824: Countess of Harcourt (3) (of 1824). Owner, Unknown. Captain George Bunn. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1824: Guildford (6) (of 1824). Owners, Mangles Brothers. Captain Magnus Johnson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1824: Chapman (2) (of 1824). Owner, Chapman. Captain John Milbank. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1824: Castle Forbes (2) (of 1824). Owner, Gibbon and Co. Captain John W. Ord. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1824: Brothers (1) (of 1824). Captain Unknown. Captain Charles Motley. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1824: Almorah (3) (of 1824). Owner, Unknown. Captain George Hay Boyd. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1824: Asia II (of 1824). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Lindsay. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1824: Indian merchant Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy re-enters the opium trade "with a vengeance" in combination with Remmington, Crawford and J's partner, Motichand Amichand, plus Sir Roger de Faria. Some opium involved was from Deman or Karachi.
1825: Mariner (2) (of 1825). Owner, Champion. Captain Wm. Fotherly. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Medina (2). Owner, Champion? Captain John Briggs. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Medway (2) (of 1825). Owner, Unknown. Captain Borthwick Wight. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Norfolk (1) (of 1825). Owner, Unknown. Captain Alex. Greig. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Midas (1) (of 1825). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Baigrie. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Royal Charlotte (of 1825). Owner, Unknown. Captain Corbyn. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Sir Charles Forbes (1) (of 1825). Owner Unknown. Captain Thomas Fullarton. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Hooghly (1) (of 1825). Owner, Unknown. Captain Peter J. Reeves. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Grenada (3) (of 1825). Owner J. Blackett. Captain Alex Anderson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Asia III (Pope). Owner Unknown. Captain William L. Pope. Convict transport.
1825: Minstrel (2) (of 1825). Owner Unknown. Captain Charles Arcoll. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Henry (2) (of 1825). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Ferrier. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Henry Porcher (1) (of 1825). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Thomson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Ann and Amelia (of 1825). Owner, Johnsons? Captain William Ascough. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Asia I (3) (Stead). Owner, Unknown. Captain Thomas F. Stead. Convict transport.
1825: Lonach. Owner Unknown. Captain William H. Driscoll. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Hercules ii (1) (of 1825). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Vaughan. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1825: Lady East. Owner Unknown. Captain Andrew Talbert. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Speke II (of 1826). Owner, Thomas Ward. Captain Robert Harrison. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Sir Godfrey Webster (2). Owner Unknown. Captain John Rennoldson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Sesostris (of 1826). Owner, Unknown. Captain J. T. Drake. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Providence II (2) (of 1826). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Wauchope. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Regalia. Owner, Unknown. Captain Robert Burt. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Phoenix III (of 1826). Owner Unknown. Captain Alex Anderson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Marquis of Huntley (1) (of 1826). Owners, Johnson and Sons?. Captain William Ascough. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Marquis of Hastings (1) (of 1826). Owner Unknown. Captain William Ostler. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Mangles (4) (of 1826). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Cogill. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Chapman (3) (of 1826). Owner, Chapman. Captain John Milbank. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Earl St Vincent (4) (of 1826). Owner, Buckles. Captain Josiah Middleton. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Lady Rowena. Owner, Unknown. Captain Boum Russell. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: England (1) (of 1826). Owner Unknown. Captain John Reay. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Woodford (1) (of 1826). Owner, Wigram? Captain Edward Chapman. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Woodman (2). Owner Unknown. Captain Dan. Leary. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1826: Boyne. Owner, Unknown. Captain William L. Pope. Convict transport. See Bateson.
2 Jan 1826, T. H. Perkins tells John P. Cushing - Stephen H. Perkins at Calcutta is c/- Alexander and Co. there. re opium.
1827: 14 February Sydney: Arrives ship Rosanna Captain James Herd earlier of the Providence, from New Zealand,and cutter Lambton Captain Barnett, with stores for New Zealand Co. Both ships owned by NZCo. Also Marquis of Lansdowne, Capt. Noyes, from Calcutta and Hobart, with valuable merchandise for Sydney merchant A. B. Sparke plus six convicts from Calcutta. (See James Broadbent, Suzanne Rickardand Maergaret Steven, India, China Australia: Trade and Society, 1788-1850. Sydney, Historic Houses Trust of NSW, 2003., p. 10)
1827: Countess of Harcourt (4) (of 1827). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Harrison. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Champion. Owner, Champion. Captain Henry Lock. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Persian (1) (of 1827). Owner. Unknown. Captain Robert Plunkett. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Governor Ready (1) (of 1827). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Young. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Sir Charles Forbes (2) (of 1827). Owner, Gibbon? Captain Alex. Duthie. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Sovereign (1) (of 1827. Owner Unknown. Captain William McKellar. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Midas (2). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Baigrie. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Andromeda (1) (of 1827). Owner, Chapman or Champion. Captain James Muddle. Convict transport. See Bateson.
14 January 1827: T. H. Perkins re another 60,000 lbs opium, a Capt Dumaresq sails for Thomas Tunno Forbes who is now with Perkins in opium trade. Mr. Astor is now at opium afresh and this is unexpected to Perkins.
1827: Cambridge (of 1827). Owner Unknown. Captain Richard Pearce. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Eliza (II) (1) (of 1827). Owner, Unknown. Captain Dan. Leary. Convict transport.
1827: John I (1) (of 1827). Owner Unknown. Captain William John Moncrief. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Princess Charlotte (2). Owner Unknown. Captain Dan. Stephenson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Prince Regent I (3) (of 1827). Owner, Mowle, Buckle, Bagster? Captain William Richards III. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Manlius (1) (of 1827). Owner Unknown. Captain William Johnson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Mariner (3) (of 1827). Owner, Abel Chapman. Captain Robert Nosworthy. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Marquis of Hastings (2) (of 1827). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Jeffrey Drake. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Layton I (1) (of 1827). Owner, Unknown. Captain John H. Luscombe. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Louisa (of 1827). Owner, Unknown. Captain Aaron Smith. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Guildford (7) (of 1827). Owner, Unknown. Captain Magnus Johnson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Harmony (1) (of 1827). Owner, Unknown. Captain Richard D. Middleton. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Albion (2) (of 1827). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Ralph. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Grenada (4). Owner, J. Blackett?. Captain John Tracy. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Brothers (2). Owner, Champion. Captain Charles Motley. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Asia IV (Edman). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Edman. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1827: Asia V (1) (Ager). Owner, Unknown. Captain Henry Ager. Convict transport. See Bateson. Broker for the contract is Joseph Lachlan.
14 August, 1827: Col T. H. Perkins is pleased with Capt Dumaresq, so [Joshua] Bates and Barings in London will give him a bonus.
20 February, 1828: The Perkins firm of Perkins and Co at Canton is dissolved, Mr. Forbes was not a partner by now.
1828: City of Edinburgh (1) (of 1828). Owner, Unknown. Captain James R. Clendon. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Elizabeth II (of 1828). Owner, Unknown. Captain Walt. Cock. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Competitor (2). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Steward. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Bengal Merchant (1) (of 1828). Owner Unknown. Captain Alex Duthie. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Bussorah Merchant (1) (of 1828). Owner, Dunbar? Captain James Baigrie. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Eliza III (of 1828). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Doutty. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Florentia (1) (of 1828). Owner, Unknown. Captain J. T. Billett. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Hooghly (2) (of 1828). Owner, Unknown. Captain Ptr. J. Reeves. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Marmion (of 1828). Owner Unknown. Captain W. Wright. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Mangles (5) (of 1828). Owner, Carr. Captain William Carr. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Manlius (2) (of 1828). Owner Unknown. Captain William Johnston. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Royal George (1) (of 1828). Owner Unknown. Captain Robert Embledon. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Marquis of Hastings (3) (of 1828). Owner Unknown. Captain John Jeffrey Drake. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Marquis of Huntley (2) (of 1828). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Ascough. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Countess of Harcourt (5) (of 1828). Owner Unknown. Captain William Harrison. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828:< Danube (US). Owners, Firm of T. H. Perkins. Captain Notknown. Canton-London, Trade round trip
Perkins/Russell and Co. Has letter of credit to Barings for £60,000 for Perkins
1828: Roslin Castle (1) (of 1828). Owner, Unknown. Captain John T. Duff. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Borneo. Owner, Unknown. Captain Richard M. Whichelo. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Borodino. Owner, Unknown. Captain Richard Mentrup. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Woodford (2) (of 1828). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Milbank. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: William Miles (of 1828). Owner, Unknown. Captain John G. Sampson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Albion (3) (of 1828). Owner Unknown. Captain James Ralph. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Asia I (4) (of 1828). Owner Unknown. Captain Thomas F. Stead. Convict transport.
1828: Mermaid (1) (of 1828). Owner Unknown. Captain William Hennicker. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Morley (5) (of 1828). Owner John Morley. Captain Henry Williams. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1828: Phoenix I (2). Owner, Unknown. Captain Thomas Cuzens. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Reference item: Micro Reel Copy ML, FM4, frames 789-838, 2283, Transportation Acts 1829-1840. giving contract contractors, eg 7 October, 1829, for ship Catherine Stewart Forbes, 200 convicts drawn with Thomas Chapman, re follow-up here to Shelton's period superseded by his nephew's period making out contracts. some samples, 13 July, 1829 for 200 cons ship Surry with convict shipping contractor who acted for various shipowners, Joseph Lachlan. 13 July, 1829, ship Lucy Davidson with Joseph Lachlan. 24 July, 1829, ships Thames with Joseph Lachlan for 160 cons. 3 Aug, 1829, ship Morley, 200 cons with Joseph Lachlan. 14 Aug, 1829, ship Prince Regent 200 cons with Joseph Lachlan. 20 Aug, 1829, ship Sarah 200 cons with Joseph Lachlan. 29 Oct, 1829, ship Eliza 117 cons with Joseph Lachlan. 1 Dec, 1829, ship Mermaid with 200 cons with Osbert Forsyth. 14 Dec, 1829, ship Mary with 164 cons with Osbert Forsyth. 24 Dec, 1829, ship Nithsdale with Joseph Lachlan 184 cons. (Ends accounts for 1829.)
1829: Governor Ready (2). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Young. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Sarah (1) (of 1829). Owner Unknown. Captain Hy. C. Columbine. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Princess Royal (2). Owner, Unknown. Captain Henry Sherwood. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Norfolk (2) (of 1829). Owner, Unknown. Captain Alex. Greig. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Morley (6) (of 1829). Owner, John Morley. Captain William Harrison. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Georgiana I (1)(of 1829). Owner Unknown. Captain John S. Thompson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Lady Harewood (of 1829). Owner Unknown. Captain Richard Limon. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Edward (1) (of 1829). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Gilbert. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Thames (of 1829). Owner Unknown. Captain William Anderson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Vittoria. Owner, Unknown. Captain John Smith. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Waterloo (1) (of 1829). Owner, Unknown. Captain Stephen Addison. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Lord Melville II (1) (of 1829). Owner, Morley? Captain Robert Brown. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Mellish (1) (of 1829). Owner, Unknown. Captain Arthur Vincent. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Lucy Davidson. Owner, Unknown. Captain William Wiseman. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Lady Of The Lake. Owner Unknown. Captain James Pearson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Layton I (2) (of 1829). Owner Unknown. Captain John W. Hurst. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Larkins (2) (of 1829). Owner Unknown. Captain William Campbell. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Guildford (8) (of 1829). Owners, Mangles Brothers. Captain Robert Harrison. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: John I (2) (of 1829). Owner Unknown. Captain Robert B. Norsworthy. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Harmony (2) (of 1829). Owner Unknown. Captain Bennett Ireland. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: America (1) (of 1829). Owner Unknown. Captain Robert S. Donal. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Fergusson. Owner Unknown. Captain John S. Groves. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Eliza II (2) (of 1829). Owner Unknown. Captain William Nicholas. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Claudine (2) (of 1829). Owner Unknown. Captain William Heathorn. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: York I (1) (of 1829). Owners Lyall or m/o Moncrieff. Capt John Moncrief. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Surrey I (5) (of 1829). Owner Unknown. Captain Charles Kemp. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Admiral Cockburn I. Owner, Thomas Blyth and Francis Whitney, Captain Peter Kemp. Whaling. Thomas Blyth of Limehouse, sailmaker and Whitney, merchant of Barge Yard. AGE Jones, Ships Employed, p. 194.
1829: Thomas Tunno Forbes of the TH Perkins firm drowns in Canton River.
10 December, 1829, TH Perkins re letter from Paris, cargo of Basham inc. 100 chests opium, to $567,000-600,000, re own account with Barings, profit of $150,000-$200,000 to come. (Note: See a relevant title here: Charles C. Stelle, 'American Trade in Opium to China, 1821-1839', Pacific Historical Review, 10.1, March 1941, cited in Hao, Note 20.)
Item Cabot genealogy, p. 639, ship Levant 264 tons about 1824 is commanded by Capt. Edward Cabot, brother of Samuel Cabot. A favourite ship of Perkins and Cushing.
Between Jan 1824 and July 1825, Perkins keeps a log of his opium shipments in his personal memorandum books. In Patna and Benares opium, to 177,837 lbs weight opium, another of 154,018 lbs weight.
Between 1820 and 1828, about 80 per cent of US tea trade was dominated by Perkins and Co., James Oakford and Co., Archer and Co. and T. H, Smith and Co. with others being Olyphant and Co., Russell and Co. (using John M. Forbes and Hao, p. 30 says he later invested his fortune from his retirement in 1837 in ironworks, steamships, railroads eg., Michigan Central Railroad, Forbes invested in Western railroads with money directly coming from the family of the famed Hong merchant , Houqua), and Westmore and Co., Philadelphia houses active had earlier been, Rbt Morris, Stephen Gerard and Samuel Archer, but they gave way to New York houses, Hao p. 19, also active was Augustine Heard Jnr., the boom in the fur trade ended in the early 1830s. Hao p. 24 says by 1826 on, the London bankers involved in US trade in China were Barings, the Browns, and Wiggens, Wildes and Wilson (“the three Ws”).
John J. Astor was represented by Nicholas G. Ogden and Cornelius Stowle. Samuel Russell a former supercargo appeared as a resident agent (He in Hao p. 29 had partners Samuel Russell, Philip Ammidon, John C. Green and Joseph Coolidge). Hao p. 22, says the Americans began to emphasise opium from 1820s to 1830s or so as they had run out of Hawaiian sandalwood, and ginseng and beche-de-mer were limited trades. American cotton was more expensive than indigenous-grown Chinese cotton. Between the 1820s and 1830s, financed by London bankers, US shippers monopolized the Turkish opium output. They also sold smuggled Indian-sourced opium brought in by British country traders. Hao. p. 22 says opium played an insignificant economic role, here, statistically.
See Lien-sheng Yang, Money and Credit in China: A short history, cited in Hao, Note 58. See in Hao Note 145, John L. Rawlinson, China's Struggle for Naval Development, 1839-1895, Cambridge, Mass. Harvard Univ Press. 1967. Cf., H. A. Antrobus, A History of the Assam Company, 1839-1953. Edinburgh. Constable. 1957. keep Hao p. 30 says Huoqua, the Canton Hong merchant, made a fortune of 26 million silver dollars or about US $52 million, by 1834, which H. B. Morse thought was the largest mercantile fortune known on earth. (Note 78) Note 78: Byrnes fix cite on writing of H. B. Morse ... A title often associated with the British establishment of Penang is H. B. Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China. Oxford, 1929. keep not read yet blah Carl Sandburg and Stanley Paterson, Merchant Prince of Boston: Colonel T. H. Perkins, 1764-1854. Cambridge Mass, Harvard Univ Press. 1971. Cf., H. A. Antrobus, A History of the Assam Company, 1839-1953. Edinburgh. Constable. 1957. blah keep Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., ‘The Beginnings of "Big Business" in American Industry’, Business History Review, 33, Spring 1959. keep From the early nineteenth century, the rise of the British-Indian-Chinese opium trade coincided roughly with the demise of the boom in the sales of seal furs from the North-West American coast to Chinese merchants in Canton. It was also roughly co-incident with Britain’s further development of its convict colonies on eastern Australian territory.
keep The opium and seal-fur trades are complex to read on and to research, but one chief difference between them was the short-but-intense character of the boom in seal furs, versus the slow-but-determined progress of the opium trade, which culminated for the purposes of this article in the first Anglo-Chinese Opium War (fix date). (Note 79) Note 79: Jack Beeching, The Chinese Opium Wars. New York, Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, c. 1975. Brian Inglis, The Opium War. London, Coronet, 1976, 1979. Om Prakash, 'Opium monopoly in India and Indonesia in the eighteenth century’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, 24, 1, 1987., pp. 63-80.))" " ((Note2: 1839: By 18 March 1839, Lin Tse-Hsu, the imperial Chinese commissioner in charge of suppressing the opium traffic, had ordered all foreign traders to surrender their opium. In response, the British send expeditionary warships to the coast of China, beginning The First Opium War, 1839-1842. Coincidentally, these were the years (1839-1842) of the First Afghan War with British; a British army being annihilated. Austin Coates, Macao and the British, 1637-1842: Prelude to Hong Kong. Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1988.
Reference item: Some relevant titles for this period include: Stuart Bruchey, 'Robert Oliver, Merchant of Baltimore, 1783-1819', Johns Hopkins Studies in Historical and Political Science, Series LXXIV, No. 1, Chapter III. Cf., Harold Gillingham, Marine Insurance in Philadelphia. Philadelphia. 1933. Jonathan Goldstein, Philadelphia and the China Trade: 1682-1846. University Park, PA: State University Press. 1961.; G. S. Street, The London Assurance. London. R. Clay and Sons. 1920.; Guildhall Library London has papers of the London Assurance Co. Royal Assurance, eg minute books, etc; US Library of Congress has papers of Shippen Family, Samuel Blodget, Lovering-Taylor, Sylvanus Bourne, Robert Morris, apparently all on microfilm.
1828: See Hao p. 29, John P. Cushing returned from Canton to Boston in 1828 aged 41 with a fortune of more than $600,000; then he retired, entrusting William Sturgis with management of these funds. John Murray Forbes once made a profit of $150,000 in two years. Some early partners of the US firm Russell and Co (see Hao p. 29) included Samuel Russell, Philip Ammidon, John C. Green and Joseph Coolidge. In 1834 they made a profit of $100,000. By 1847 see Hao p. 29 was John Heard III of Augustine Heard and Co.? (Note 84)
Note 84: A relevant item here is: Augustine Heard Jr., "Old China and New", Box GQ-2, Heard Collection, Baker Library, Harvard University. See also Stephen C. Lockwood, Augustine Heard and Company, 1858-1862: American Merchants in China. No details. see re Nash on which slave killed Pitcairn at Bunker Hill – a dubious story says Burns - Dr Pitcairn, DC's son with "water on the head", in 17?? We may as well here mention - re the mystery of Pitcairn Island and re legend and poem Ancient Mariner. - Fletcher Christian, article by Ken Brass in Weekend Australian, January 10-11, 1987, was Fletcher Christian killed by Tahitians on Pitcairn, goaded beyond endurance, or did he throw himself off a cliff, driven by remorse and loneliness; or did he build a boat and try to escape? Brass writes re the legend that FC had something to do with the writing of The Ryme of the Ancient Mariner, as Christian's schoolmates had included the poet William Wordsworth and Coleridge was a friend of the Christian family. And that after Fletcher’s alleged death, the poets received some correspondence from Christian. John Adams after Pitcairn Island was found had hinted that Fletcher Chrsitian had escaped from Pitcairn. The story was enhanced by Peter Heywood. Another theory, is that Adams had shot and killed Fletcher as Fletcher was trying to escape. (A relevant title here is: Peter Clark, Hell and Paradise. Viking, published by 1987.)
1829: Sovereign (2) (of 1829). Owner Unknown. Captain William McKellar. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1829: Sophia of 1829. Owner Unknown. Captain Thomas A. Elley. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Dunvegan Castle (1) (of 1830). Owner Unknown. Captain Wm. T. Walmesley. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: David Lyon. Owner, Unknown. Captain James Berry. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Roslin Castle (2) (of 1830). Owner Unknown. Captain Henry Ferguson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Arab (Blyths). Owners, Thos and Henry Davie Blyth. Captain Not given. 1830-1831. Whaling. Blyths = Thos and Henry Davie Blyth, sailmakers, transferred to Geo Fredk Young, shipbuilder of Limehouse, in 1831 or so, in AGE Jones, Ships Employed, p. 196.
1830: Adrian. Owner, Unknown. Captain William Sadler. Convict transport.
1830: Andromeda II (1) (of 1830). Owners, Cummins. Captain Robert Parkin. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Asia I (5) (of 1830). Owner, Unknown. Captain Thomas F. Stead. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830:
Persian (2) (of 1830)
1830: ship name . British-owned. Captain Robert Plunkett. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Eliza III (2) (of 1830). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Doutty. Convict transport.
1830: Florentia (2). Owner Unknown. Captain John Jeffrey Drake. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Forth II (of 1830). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Robertson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Bussorah Merchant (2) (of 1830), Owner, Duncan Dunbar. Captain George Johnston. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Clyde I (1) (of 1830). Owner Unknown. Captain Dan N. Munro. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: James Pattison (1) (of 1830). Owner, Unknown. Captain Joseph Grote. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Manlius (3) (of 1830). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Johnston. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Burrell (1) (of 1830). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Metcalf. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Lord Melville (2) (of 1830). Owner, Unknown. Captain Robert Brown. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Katherine Stewart Forbes (1) (of 1830). Owner Unknown. Captain Thomas Cannery. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Lady Feversham. Owner Unknown. Captain Stephenson Ellerby. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Hercules II (2) (of 1830). Owner Unknown. Captain William Vaughan. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Marquis of Huntley (3) (of 1830). Owner, Johnsons. Captain William Ascough. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Mellish (2). Owner, Unknown. Captain Colin G. Cowley. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Nithsdale (of 1830). Owner, Unknown. Captain Thomas Christian. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Sir Charles Forbes (3) (of 1830). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Leslie. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Southworth (2) (of 1830). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Coombs. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Royal George (2). Owner, Unknown. Captain Robert Embledon. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Prince Regent I (4) (of 1830). Owner, Buckles. Captain George Hustwick. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Royal Admiral (1) (of 1830). Owner Unknown. Captain David Fotheringham. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Mermaid (2) (of 1830). Owners, Unknown. Captain William Hennicker. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830: Mary III (2) (of 1830). Owner, Unknown. Captain Alex. Jamieson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
Captain William Glen Andersonn
1831 Owner Unknown. Captain James Fawthrop. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: America (2). Owner Unknown. Captain Ptr M. Stavers. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Strathfieldsay (1) (of 1831). Owner Unknown. Captain William Harrison. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Palambam. Owner, Unknown. Captain George Willis. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Red Rover (of 1831). Owner, Unknown. Captain Robert C. Chrystie. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Proteus. Owner, Unknown. Captain Sylvester J. Brown. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Larkins (3) (of 1831). Owner, Larkins. Captain Alex. Jamieson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Lady Harewood (2) (of 1831). Owner, Unknown. Captain Richard W. Stonehouse. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831:< Exmouth. Owner, Unknown. Captain Dan. Warren. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Mary III (3) (of 1831). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Campbell. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Eliza II (3 ) (of 1831). Owner, Unknown. Captain John S. Groves. Convict transport.
1831: Georgiana I (2) (of 1831). Owner Unknown. Captain John S. Thompson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Kains. Owner Unknown. Captain William L. Goodwin. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Lord Lyndoch (1) (of 1831). Owner, Unknown. Captain John H. Luscombe. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Bussorah Merchant (3) (of 1831). Owner, Duncan Dunbar. Captain John Moncrief. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Surrey I (6) (of 1831). Owner, Unknown. Captain Charles Kemp. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Argyle. Owner, Unknown. Captain Ptr M. Stavers. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: York I (2) (of 1831), Owners Unknown. Captain Dan. Leary. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Edward (2) (of 1831). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Gilbert. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Eleanor (of 1831). Owner, Unknown. Captain Robert Cock. Convict transport.
1831: Camden (1) (of 1831). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Fulcher. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Earl of Liverpool. Owner, Unknown. Captain F. B. Manning. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Asia V (2) (of 1831). Owner, Unknown. Captain Henry Ager. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Hooghly (3) (of 1831). Owner, Unknown. Captain Peter J. Reeves. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: John (3) (of 1831). Owner Unknown. Captain John R. Norsworthy. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Jane I (of 1831). Owner Unknown. Captain James Baigrie. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1831: Tula (with Lively). Owner Enderbys. Captain John Biscoe. 1832. Exploration. For Enderbys. Establishes that Antarctica is a large land mass.
1831: Waterloo (2) (of 1831). Owner Unknown. Captain Stephen Addison. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Asia I (6) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Captain Thomas F. Stead. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Southworth (3) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Captain John J. Coombes. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Pyramus (1) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Captain Alex. Wilson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Portland (1) (of 1832). Owners, Johnsons. Captain William Ascough. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Planter (1) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Captain R. L. Fraser. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Parmelia (1) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Gilbert. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Norfolk (3) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Henniker. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Lord William Bentinck I (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Doutty. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Lady Harewood (3) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Richard W. Stonehouse. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Katherine Stewart Forbes (2). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Anderson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: John I (4) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Captain Sam. J. Lowe. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Isabella I (4) (of 1832). Owner, Dunbar?. Captain William Wiseman. Convict transport. See Bateson.
t1832: Hydery. Owner, Unknown. Captain Alex. McDonald. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Hercules II (3) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Vaughan. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Gilmore (1) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Berry. Convict transport.
1832
Convict transport. See Bateson.1832: England (2) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Blyth. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Elizabeth III (of 1832). Owner Unknown. Captain John Craigie. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Eliza II (4) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Captain John S. Groves. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Dunvegan Castle (2). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Duff. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Clyde I (2) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Dan. N. Munro. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: City of Edinburgh (2) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Captain Giles Wade. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Captain Cook (1) (of 1832). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Steward. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: Burrell (2). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Metcalf. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1832: York I (3) (of 1832). Owners Unknown, Capt Richard Spratley. Convict transport.
See Bateson.1832: Admiral Cockburn II. Owners, Joseph Somes and T. N. Oldfield. Captain William Hingston. 1839 lost. Whaling. Joseph Somes of Ratcliff London and T. N. Oldfield of Cumberland, ship owner. AGE Jones, Ships Employed, p. 194.
1833:
Captain Cook (2) (of 1833)
1833: Atlas IV (of 1833). Owner Unknown. Captain George Hustwick. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: William Bryan (of 1833). Owner, Unknown. Captain J. Roman. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Amphitrite (of 1833). Master/Owner. Captain John Hunter. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Camden (2) (of 1833). Owner, Unknown. Captain George T. Clayton. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: HM Buffalo (of 1833). RN. Cmdr F. W. N. Sadler. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Royal Admiral (2) (of 1833). Owner, Unknown. Captain David Fotheringham. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Portland (2) (of 1833). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Ascough. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Neva (1) (of 1833). Owner Unknown. Captain Ben. H. Peck. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Roslin Castle (3) (of 1833). Owner Unknown. Captain William Richards III. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Mary III (4) (of 1833). Owner Unknown. Captain Alex. Jamieson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Emperor Alexander. Owner Unknown. Captain John Hurst. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Enchantress. Owner Unknown. Captain Thomas Canney. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Lord Lyndoch (2) (of 1833). Owner Unknown. Captain William Johnston. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Diana (of 1833). Owner, Johnson. Captain George Braithwaite. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Andromeda II (2) (of 1833). Owner, Unknown. Captain Ben Gales. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Circassian. Owner Unknown. Captain George Douthwaite. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Waterloo (3) (of 1833). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Cow. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Asia I (7) (of 1833). Owner, Unknown. Captain Thomas F. Stead. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Surrey I (7) (Kemp). Owner, Mangles?. Captain Charles Kemp. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Aurora I (1) (of 1833). Owner Unknown. Captain Dalrymple Dowson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Surrey II (Veale). Owner Unknown. Captain William Veale. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Caroline. Owner, Unknown. Captain Alex McDonald. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Lloyds (1) (of 1833). Owner, Unknown. Captain Ed. Garrett. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Magnet. Owner, Unknown. Captain Peter Kemp. Whaling exploration. Enderbys? Locates Kemp Land and maybe Heard Island.
1833: John I (5) (of 1833). Owner, Unknown. Captain Sam J. Lowe. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Heroine. Owner, Unknown. Captain Robert McCarthy. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Frances Charlotte (1) (of 1833). Owner Unknown. Captain A. Smith. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Isabella I (5) (of 1833). Owner, Dunbar? Captain David Brown. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Fanny II (of 1833). Owner Unknown. Captain Henry Sherwood. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833
Unknown
Captain William Thompson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Georgiana II. Owner Unknown. Captain John S. Thompson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Jane II (of 1833). Owner Unknown. Captain F. Tupper. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Java (of 1833). Owner Unknown. Captain John Todd. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Jupiter (of 1833). Owner, Unknown. Captain W. J. Clarke. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Mangles (6) (of 1833). Owner Carr. Captain William Carr. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Lotus. Owner Unknown. Captain John Summerson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1833: Stakesby. Owner, Unknown. Captain Miles Corner. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: William Metcalfe (of 1834). Owner, Unknown. Captain Ed. Philipson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: Royal Sovereign (1) (of 1834). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Henderson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: Samuel Enderby. Owner, Enderbys. Captain William Lisle. Sep 1834. Whaling. She is built at West Cowes in 1834 by Thomas White for Enderbys to be employed in South Sea whaling. From AGE Jones, Ships Employed, p. 192.
1834: Fairlie (1) (of 1834). Owner, Unknown. Captain Henry Ager. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: Hive (1) (of 1834). Owner, Unknown. Captain John H. Luscombe. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: Southworth (4). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Maltby. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: James Laing (of 1834). Owner, Laing? Captain George Tomlin. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: Susan (1) (of 1834). Owner, Unknown. Captain Stephen Addison. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: John Barry (3) (of 1834). Owner, John Barry. Captain John Robson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: Surrey I (8) (of 1834). Owner, Unknown. Captain Charles Kemp. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: Arab I (2) (of 1834). Owner, Binny? Captain George Binnie. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: Edward (3) (of 1834). Owner, Unknown. Captain E. A. Lindsay. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: Blenheim I (1) (of 1834). Owner, Binny?. Captain James Temple Brown. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: Henry Tanner (of 1834). Owner Unknown. Captain Henry Ferguson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: George Hibbert. Owner, Unknown. Captain George N. Livesay. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: Numa. Owner, Unknown. Captain John Baker. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: Roslin Castle (4) (of 1834). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Richards III. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: Parmelia (2) (of 1834). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Gilbert. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1834: Moffatt (1) (of 1834). Owner, Unknown. Captain James Cromarty. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Marquis of Huntley (of 1835). Owner, Dunbar? Captain A. L. Molison. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Mary Anne II (of 1835). Owner, Unknown. Captain Aaron Smith. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Layton II (1) (of 1835). Owner, Unknown. Captain Giles Wade. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Lady Kennaway (1) (of 1835). Owner, Unknown. Captain Thomas Bolton. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Lady MacNaghten. Owner, Unknown. Captain George Hustwick. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Lady Nugent (1) (of 1835). Owner Unknown. Captain Jos. H. Fawcett. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Royal Admiral (3) (of 1835). Owner Unknown. Captain David Fotheringham. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Norfolk (4) (of 1835). Owner Unknown. Captain John Gatenby. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Neva (2). Owner Unknown. Captain Ben H. Peck. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: New Grove. Owner Morley. Captain Robert Brown. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Mary III (5) (of 1835). Owner, Unknown. Captain William Ascough. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Mangles (7) (of 1835). Owner, Carr. Captain William Carr. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: George Third. Owner Unknown. Captain William H. Moxey. Convict transport. See Bateson. Wrecked.
1834: Hooghly (4) (of 1834). Owner Unknown. Captain George Bayly. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Hero (of 1835). Owner Unknown. Captain Henry C. Dowson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Royal Sovereign (2) (of 1835). Owner, Unknown. Captain John Moncrief. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Hive (2) (of 1835, wrecked). Owner, Unknown. Captain John T. Nutting. Convict transport. See Bateson. [This ship is mainland Australia's only convict shipwreck - See David Nutley and Timothy Smith, Second Report on the Maritime Archaeological Investigation of the Convict Transport Hive (1820-1836) and the Schooner Blackbird (1828-1836). NSW Dept Urban Affairs and Planning, Underwater Heritage Program. nd. Wreck site is Wreck Bay, just south of Jervis Bay, NSW. -Ed. The only other two convict ships lost on their voyage were in Tasmanian waters, George III (1835) and Neva (1835). In Sydney in 1814, Three Bees had gunpowder explode and she burned to the waterline at Circular Quay, Sydney after an earlier discharge of her convicts. Hive in the wreck case on 10 Dec 1835 carried Irish prisoners and 10,000 pounds worth of specie-coin which was successfully salvaged. ]
1835: Aurora I (2) (of 1835). Owner Unknown. Captain James Gilbert. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Waterloo (4) (of 1835). Owner Unknown. Captain John Cow. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Westmoreland (1) (of 1835). Owner Unknown. Captain John Brigstock. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Augusta Jessie (1) (of 1835). Owner Unknown. Captain Hy. Edenborough. Convict transport.
1835: Blackwell (of 1835). Owner Unknown. Captain Dalrymple Dowson. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1835: Bengal Merchant (2) (of 1835). Owner Unknown. Captain William Campbell. Convict transport. See Bateson.
1830s: Hao, p. 23, writes that during the 1820s and 1830s, American traders continuously engaged in the opium trade using London bankers and helped with their own vessels they virtually monopolized the Turkish opium business, and also acted at Canton for Indian opium smuggled to China in country ships. But opium played an insignificant role, as US sold only $133,000 worth of opium in 1824 and only $275,921 in 1836, US merchants p. 22 got their opium from Smyrna or other Turkish ports, but had no more than 10 per cent of the opium market in China. To get Spanish dollars for specie the US merchants p. 24 had to send American produce to Europe or South America, the proceeds in Spanish dollars then sent to China to finance the tea trade, on the third leg of trade, tea back to US. the actual specie had to be transported to China because of the absence of banking facilities other than those provided by a merchant's own resources.
1835: Re an American Paul Gardner (?), see re a P. Gardner with whaler/sealer Favorite (1835-1836) from Nantucket, Capt Jonathan Paddock, for owners P. Gardner and D. Whitney, to Sydney and then NZ and Penantipodes and Canton.
1830s: Note: Jardine Matheson and Co. archives are held at Cambridge University Library, Archives. - On Jardine Matheson see Edward Le Fevour, Western Enterprise in Late Ch'ing China: A Selective Survey of Jardine, Matheson and Company's Operations, 1842-1895, no other details. Arthur H. Clark, The Clipper Ship Era: An Epitome of Famous American and British Clipper Ships: their owners, builders, commanders and crews, 1843-1869, no details.
1830++: Alexandra Hasluck, Thomas Peel of Swan River. Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1965.
?? 1830-1836 - Lord chief (?) in American opium trade, later involved in American railway business, to 1850, pp. 26-27 of May/Thomson, China trade for US mostly a Boston group but no news how this Boston group took it from associates of Robert Morris.
To 1833: Ross Donnelly Mangles (1801-1877) was an India Merchant, director of the East India Company, MP, son of MP James Mangles and Mary Hughes; he married Harriet Newcombe. Ross Donnelly was of 9 Henrietta St., Cavendish Sq., London, and of Woodbridge, Surrey. He had spent time in the Bengal Civil Service. He became a director of the New Zealand Co. and once visited New Zealand on banking matters, about 1841. He was a deputy-lieutenant of London. A liberal, he was also anti-Papist. He was appointed a Member for the Council of India in September 1858, to 1866.
Below are items still uncollected
1834:
Andromeda II (3) (of 1834)
1834
Unknown
Ben Gales
1834
Convict transport. See Bateson.1883:
Dart HM
1883
RN
Captain J. F. Parry
1904
Exploration
See notes.
1830s: Young T. H. Perkins dies of smallpox in China. Of an artistic temperament, and see p. 669 how he goes to visit Barings' counting house in 1833.
1834: After a period of intense and damaging competition, the `Red` and `Green` Books amalgamated to become Lloyd`s Register of British and Foreign Shipping. (This item is from a UK website detailing a Lloyd`s Register timeline from 1760)
1874: Lloyd`s Register of British and Foreign Shipping began to include all British vessels over 100 gross tons in addition to both British and foreign vessels classed by Lloyd`s Register. Details of the engines of steamships were now included. (This item is from a UK website detailing a Lloyd`s Register timeline from 1760)
1876: Lloyd`s Register of British and Foreign Shipping first included a list of owners and their ships.
1885: Liverpool Underwriters` Registry for Iron Vessels merged with Lloyd`s Register of British and Foreign Shipping . This had appeared annually since 1862, following a dispute with Lloyd`s Register about the classification of iron ships. (This item is from a UK website detailing a Lloyd`s Register timeline from 1760)
1886: An important increase in coverage resulted from the Universal Register , published in parallel with Lloyd`s Register of British and Foreign Shipping . The Universal Register attempted to list all seagoing merchant vessels in the world over 100 gross tons. However, entries were brief, especially for sailing ships. Included for the first time were lists of former names of ships, of ships with names made up of two or more words, and of British shipbuilders with the names of all existing vessels they had built. Foreign builders were included in the list from 1887. Also included was a list of dry and floating docks, and pontoons. Signal letters of ships were also recorded, as were war vessels of all nations. (This item is from a UK website detailing a Lloyd`s Register timeline from 1760)
1890: Lloyd`s Register of British and Foreign Shipping was expanded to two volumes to include the information previously given in the Universal Register , which ceased publication after 1890. Sailing vessels and steam ships were listed separately. Some of the information given in the Universal Register now appeared in the Appendix of Lloyd`s Register of British and Foreign Shipping. (This item is from a UK website detailing a Lloyd`s Register timeline from 1760)
1914
Lloyd`s Register of British and Foreign Shipping changed its name to Lloyd`s Register of Shipping. (This item is from a UK website detailing a Lloyd`s Register timeline from 1760)
1932
Steam and motor vessels over and under 300 gross tons were listed separately, sailing ships continuing to appear in another list. 1947. (This item is from a UK website detailing a Lloyd`s Register timeline from 1760)
All vessels regardless of size or propulsion placed in one list, published in two volumes. Sailing vessels were removed from the list, unless they were classed by Lloyd`s Register. This method of listing continues to the present day, although three volumes are now needed. (This item is from a UK website detailing a Lloyd`s Register timeline from 1760)
1949
British Corporation Register amalgamated with Lloyd`s Register of Shipping . Since 1893 it had been published by a rival classification society, the British Corporation. This was formed in Glasgow in 1890 because some shipbuilders and owners disagreed with certain rules of Lloyd`s Register. (This item is from a UK website detailing a Lloyd`s Register timeline from 1760)
1867:: and earlier, The term "The Genius and the Ghost" arises in the title of a satiric squib by William Forster (1818-1882) once Premier of NSW. In the squib he created a dialogue between the ghost of transportation and the genius of Sydney.
1833: Wreck of ship Lady Munro beween India and Tasmania in October 1833.
1817: Reference item:: Stephen Nicholas, Convict Workers: Britain, Ireland and New South Wales. CUP. 1988. Dept. Econ. Hist, Univ. NSW. 300p. $40. Need to read. Nicholas, Stephen, (Ed.), Convict Workers - Re-Interpreting Australia's Past. Examines records on 20,000 male and female convicts, 1/3rd of those transported to NSW 1817-1840. 246 p. $45. Inc. stats.
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